The Current Restoration of Leonardos Last Supper free essay sample

A few researchers accept that the momentum reclamation of Leonardo’s Last Supper went excessively far on the grounds that the inventiveness of Leonardo’s work has been lost. Researchers accept that the rebuilding ought to have been attempted to protect such a renowned perfect work of art. 2. The current rebuilding of the Last Supper started in 1979 and took 20 years to reestablish. 3. The Last Supper had preservation issues nearly from the second that Leonardo finished it since Leonardo utilized another, untried strategy to paint it thus it started to break down when he finished it. Restorers filled in the regions that were so far disintegrated that they couldn't be rescued by including light watercolor. 5. The reason in giving intensely harmed zones watercolor was to keep the painting from resembling a â€Å"false icon†. 6. Leonardo’s Last Supper is viewed as a renowned bit of craftsmanship thus by reestablishing it, it will in general lose the significance. We will compose a custom article test on The Current Restoration of Leonardos Last Supper or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this manner, I don’t concur that the work of art ought to have experienced such a broad cleaning and rebuilding. At the point when the artwork was reestablished in the seventeenth century, there was an entryway under the work of art that the restorers extended to ease section and thusly, the Christ’s legs and feet were cut off. Additionally, by endeavoring to conceal the disintegrations, restorers have concealed significant components, for example, wine glasses, finger bowls, and so on. In addition, there have been numerous endeavors of painting over and contact ups that the work of art no longer holds a similar importance as it did in 1498. The rebuilding just slanted the exactness of the first artwork. The author’s fundamental contention in this article is whether Michelangelo’s â€Å"David† is prepared a rebuilding †regardless of whether it needs a tidy up, a total reclamation, or simply remain disintegrated. 2. Out of the three alternatives introduced for the protection of Michelangelo’s David, I accept the right strategy would be to simply tidy it up. I think reestablishing it would cause lost creativity simply like Leonardo’s Last Supper. 3. Antonio Paolucci, the administrator of Florentine workmanship, had the last word in whether any reclamation of David would happen.. Two techniques that were proposed for the cleaning or rebuilding of David were the â€Å"wet† strategy proposed by Franca Falletti and the â€Å"dry† technique proposed by Ms. Parronchi. The motivating force with the â€Å"dry† technique was so the innovation would remain and it was be reestablished in the gentlest manner conceivable with delicate brushes, q-tips, an eraser, and a chamois material. Then again, the â€Å"wet† technique required a thorough measure of work and could likewise be a danger to David. The â€Å"wet† strategy would comprise of utilizing gypsum and applying wet poultices utilizing refined water. Additionally, the brushing is a mechanical procedure. A change that was made to Michelangelo’s David in the sixteenth century was the expansion of a metal undergarment made of 28 fig leaves. This was important after the left arm from broken into 3 pieces in 1527 by agitators. 2. The sculpture was recently cleaned in 1843 with hydrochloric corrosive. 3. Ms. Parronchi left the Accademia in view of a question with Ms. Falletti with respect to which procedure to use to tidy up David. D. 1. The focal point of this article LeWitt’s divider drawings and his converging of moderate and calculated workmanship developments. Because of his broad involvement with engineering impacts the procedure of his work and makes it stick out. Despite the fact that he never connected himself with old style engineering, his work contains traditional optimism. 2. Smith relates LeWitt’s divider drawings to Renaissance frescoes and design due to LeWitt’s utilization of huge scaled isometric structures and his Piero della Francesca palette of obscured pastels. Fundamentally, his work comprises of a similar evenness and congruity basic to old style engineering. 3. Lewitt’s drawings are drawn on the display dividers by partners. 4. What is the substance of LeWitt’s divider drawings? What makes LeWitt’s drawings something other than certain lines on the divider? What was LeWitt’s motivation for his divider drawings?

Biographical Sketch Essays - Beard, Facial Hair, Hairstyles

Anecdotal Sketch Essays - Beard, Facial Hair, Hairstyles Anecdotal Sketch This is an anecdotal sketch about my individual, Walter Walles. He was conceived around 1830 and 1850, he lived for a long time. He was conceived in Europe, at seven years old he moved to New York. At the point when he moved, he brought numerous things with him, for example, furniture, food, adornments, and certain characteristics. His folks moved so they could give their child superior instruction. Walter went to the best schools of New York to turn into a specialist. He was a generally excellent understudy his folks where gem specialists who claimed numerous uncommon gems, the name of their shop is still around, Walles Jewelers. He kept on concentrating in New York, until he turned into an effective and popular specialist, scientific expert. Walter was a practical individual and adored doctoring, it was his obsession, however yet he didn't let distinction get to him. Rather he gave loads of cash to destitute individuals and noble cause. As a specialist he made numerous clinical revelations, yet they would be unrefined practices today. Walles gave early indications of being a specialist since he would probe little creatures with devices he made out of: stone, bronze, and sticks. He went bare at an early age in view of the considerable number of synthetic compounds that he explored different avenues regarding. This additionally made another fascinating side effect, inconceivable quickly developing whiskers he grew a major facial hair, however a spot in the center of his head there would grow a little fix of hair, so he wound up shaving his head. A few people thought he looked entertaining with his facial hair and shaved spot and his whiskers, so this giveaway too many epithets, for example, Slick, Baldy, Godzilla, Wally, Walt. Walt was a mainstay of the network. In many pictures that were taken of him he looked intense and mean, however that isn't in this way, frequently he would joke around with his patients expressing such things as: Gracious, that is a exceptionally terrible injury, we should cut off that arm. and telling individuals that he evacuated there bladder, when truly he was assume to evacuate there reference section. Wally had to some degree grim comical inclination yet he however he was clever. This image was taken not long before he kicked the bucket, he glanced youthful in it, however he was just 88. One day he was exploring different avenues regarding some volitle synthetic substances to attempt to fix Gonorrhea, anyway a response that he had not expected exploded on him turning the house that he lived in. Into only ruble and soil. Walter carried on with an upbeat and fruitful existence with his grim comical inclination and his testing of synthetic compounds. That finishes up my story.

Discover the Most Common Types of Essay Topics

Discover the Most Common Types of Essay TopicsWhen it comes to college essay writing, you will need to know the most common definitions essay topics. You may not be sure which types of topics to write as this is very important to make sure that your essay is interesting people read them! Knowing these types of topics will help you create a great definition essay topic that your reader will enjoy reading.There are many people who are not sure how to start their essays and they do not know what topic to use. This is the most common reason that people fail to write good essays. They spend hours thinking about what topic to use and then they come up with nothing!This is so sad, because by knowing the facts about the topic of your essay, you can turn it into an essay that will make someone read and be interested in what you have to say. By knowing the different definitions essay topics, you will have an idea of what the most common topics are and you can now make a list of topics that you will need to write on your own. Some of the best topics are the ones that are long-winded but interesting.What kind of topics are you looking for? One of the most common and important things to know is the difference between general and specific words. These are words that are used on the daily basis but some people are not familiar with them and they do not know the differences.General words include common nouns like car, shirt, or duck. These words are not usually used as definitions in an essay but they are actually very common. These words are used in every sentence, every day and they are also used in headlines on articles.Specific words are words that are used to describe an object. For example, the words tile, table, or chair are examples of specific words. These words are rarely used in essays, so it is important to know what the specific words are.Another thing to remember when it comes to definitions essay topics is to think of what type of definition is needed for the to pic. For example, if you are writing an essay about a simple term like an apple, then it is much easier to find a word that is more complex and requires a more complicated definition. If you are writing an essay about a scientific term like atomic energy, then it is much easier to find words that are related to the topic.There are so many words out there to choose from and you want to choose words that are unique. Everyone has a different job description so you want to be able to create a topic that is unique. These are just a few tips for knowing what types of definitions essay topics are out there.

Analysis of Robert Frosts An Old Mans Winter Night

What is the goal in a poem? Why do writers write? Most poems are an attempt to pass on a message, to give a moral, or in any case, to communicate in one way or another. An example of a writer doing this in a poem may be seen in An Old Mans Winter Night, by Robert Frost. Robert Frost (1874-1963) wrote An Old Mans Winter Night, perhaps his most well conceived work and published it in the book Mountain Interval, released in 1920 as a fine peak to his career. The poem tells the story of the last night before an old mans death. This man is portrayed as being lonely, and without meaning to anyone except for himself. The old man seems to realize this in a certain point in the poem, and decides that he no longer wants to live. He then goes to†¦show more content†¦For him to be able to see outside he could simply have tilted the light towards the window, yet, one may understand that this metaphor shows that he is either unwilling to open up to others, or is afraid of what he may then see. He may have been intimidated by the out of doors which looked darkly in at him. This continues with the idea that he was only a light to himself because in tilting the light towards himself, he sees his reflection in the window rather than what may have been beyond the window. However, had he illuminated them so that he could see outside, they would no longer be darkly looking in at him. Frost then writes: A quiet light, and then not even that. One may speculate from this line that Frost is telling us that even the old man has lost touch with himself, and no longer cares about his own existence. Frost may possibly be calling our attention to this line with the eye-rhyme between what and that. In the next few lines, the old man dies: The log that shifted with a jolt / Once in the stove, disturbed him and he shifted, / And eased his heavy breathing, but still slept. Perhaps the log shifting, breaking, and going out represented his light permanently going out as well. This link m ay be made with the repetition of the word shifted; the log shifts, and then the man shifts. In these lines there is also alliteration with the words still slept. Frost may have been drawing our attention to this to be sure that the death of the old man wouldShow MoreRelatedEssay about Isolation and Nature in the Works of Robert Frost3175 Words   |  13 PagesIsolation and Nature in the Works of Robert Frost During the height of Robert Frost’s popularity, he was a well-loved poet who’s natural- and simple-seeming verse drew people - academics, artists, ordinary people both male and female - together into lecture halls and at poetry readings across the country.1 An eloquent, witty, and, above all else, honest public speaker, Frost’s readings imbued his poetry with a charismatic resonance beyond that of the words on paper, and it is of little

How Many Different Types of Memory System Are There...

Although the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on amnesiacs. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model suggests that memory is a flow of information processed through three stores (Myers, 2010). The first system called sensory memory (SM) processes mainly visual and auditory information from our environment (Myers, 2010). It is made up of several components associated with each sense and†¦show more content†¦Based on this finding, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that STM illustrated by the multi-store model is too simplistic (McLeod, 2008). They developed another model of STM known as the Working Memory (WM) which comprised of a two subsystems controlled by the central executive (Groome, 2006). The central executive takes on cognitive processes such as problem-solving while controlling allocation of data to the two subsystems namely Phonological loop (PL) which deals with auditory and speech-based information and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS) which, as its name suggests, holds information about visual and spatial infor mation (McLeod, 2008; Groome, 2006). By analyzing in more depth KF’s case study, it is reported that KF had suffered impairment of his PL but still had his VSS abilities, hence providing support that STM is not unitary but in fact divided into subsystems (Warrington Shallice, 1972 as cited in Groome, 2006). Similarly, HM who had an impaired LTM was unable to form new memories but surprisingly could still learn new motor skills although he was not aware that he actually learnt the skills (Groome, 2006). This finding questions the unified nature of LTM and suggests that there are two memory systems (Squire, 2004). McDougall (1924) investigated the term implicit memory which involves unconscious learning and explicit memory which involves learning with consciousness (Graf Schacter,Show MoreRelatedMarketing and Product Essay12745 Words   |  51 PagesDirected Study in Marketing Chapter 1 Marketing’s Value to Consumers, Firms, and Society Questions and Problems 1. List your activities for the first two hours after you woke up this morning. Briefly indicate how marketing affected your activities. a. Awakened by alarm clock. Clock bought because of brand name loyalty: Seiko b. Had coffee. Brand name loyalty and preferred taste: Folgers c. Walked and fed dog. Purchased Purina Dog chow due to advertisements. d. Made breakfastRead MoreBasic Computer Application Exam Paper2474 Words   |  10 PagesINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES This question paper has 4 questions. Answer ALL questions. This paper has an attached answer sheet to answer multiple choice questions. Detach the answer sheet and tie it with your answer booklet. BASIC COMPUTER APPLICATION – CSE 1021 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [30 marks] Question 1 Answer the MCQs in the attached Answer sheet provided at the end of the exam paper. 1. Which of the following is NOT a level at which data can be described in the database? A. External B. SchematicRead MorePysch Exam Chapter 811814 Words   |  48 PagesPsychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________. a. learning; perception b. memory; perception c. learning; cognition d. memory; cognition Answer: d; Moderate 2. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. a. learning b. memory c. cognition d. perception Answer: c; Easy 3. 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How can you improve super-fast? What do I recommend for this kind of goal? 1. Obsession The first and most important thing you need to achieve this goal is incredible passion. You must have tremendous emotionalRead MoreReview Quesition20349 Words   |  82 Pagesquestions 1.1 List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1. Some examples could be: †¢ A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacturer; †¢ An advertising company keeping details of all clients and adverts placed with them; †¢ A training company keeping course information and participants’ details; †¢ An organization maintaining all sales order information. 1.2 Discuss the meaning of each of the following terms: Read MoreCb Notes8481 Words   |  34 Pagesdisagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly agree Have students access www.cengagebrain.com to answer the polling questions for each chapter of CB. Ask them to take the online poll to see how their answers compare with other students taking a consumer behavior course across the country. Then turn to the last page of the chapter to find the What Others Have Thought box feature. This graph is a snapshot of how other consumer behavior students have answered this polling question thus far. Learning Outcomes Read MorePschy Case5196 Words   |  21 Pagesclass room Test 1 1) One reason consumers should be cautious with respect to information that is available on the World Wide Web is that A) one often cannot tell if the source is legitimate. 2) A theory is defined as an organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena. - True 3) Scientists who have studied pain mechanisms have discovered that C) pain signals are sent to the central nervous system via two pathways. 4) When grading the exam, the experienced teacher had fewRead MoreA Look at Microsoft Access3444 Words   |  14 Pagesis a small one-man operation, which is a remote disc jockey business. The Capabilities of Microsoft Access Microsoft Access database gives you true command of your data, enabling you to retrieve it, sort it, analyze it, summarize it, and report results in moments. It can combine data from various files, so that you never have to enter information twice. It can even make data entry more efficient and accurate. Microsoft Access creates relational databases, which mean that data is stored in variousRead MoreDistributed System Problem Solution Andrew Taneebaum Maarten Van Steen19007 Words   |  77 PagesDISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES AND PARADIGMS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS ANDREW S. TANENBAUM MAARTEN VAN STEEN Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands PRENTICE HALL UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ 07458 SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS 1. Q: What is the role of middleware in a distributed system? A: To enhance the distribution transparency that is missing in network operating systems. In other words, middleware aims at improving the single-system view that a distributed system should have. 2

An Understanding Of The 7 Main Sociological Perspectives

In this assignment I will be explaining and show an understanding of the 7 main sociological perspectives. These include; Marxism, Functionalism, Internationalism, Feminism, Postmodernism, Collectivism and The New Right. These perspectives and approaches enable us to see how societies and the behaviour of people are different according to the different approaches. To begin with, the Marxist perspective was acknowledged in the 20th century by the theorist Karl Marx. There are two main social classes in Marxism, the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the powerful social class, they own the factories, land and are able to organise the economy and other important social institutions to their own advantage, and this is similar to the upper class as they are high up the hierarchy and have the authority to do so. However, the proletariat are known as the ‘working class’, they work for and are demoralised by the bourgeoisie and have only their labour to sell. Marxist argue that the upper class hold power in the social institutions and they shape society. The bourgeoisie believe that ‘the more educated you are the more respected you will be by society’ , this was not a ble for the working class as in the 1800s the working class could not afford to pay for education as a result they could not achieve to go up and be on the â€Å"bourgeoisie level†. The upper class always had a better advantage than the working class in many aspects, for example, it would have been muchShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives On The Sociological Perspective1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sociological Perspective is a behavior that connects one with society. As written in the textbook Society the Basics, sociological perspective is also defined as â€Å"seeing the general in the particular† (Berger, 1963). A major part of being a sociologist is finding patterns in everyday life. As an ordinary person, finding patterns is almost a natural instinct. Every individual falls into a category, whether how unique they claim to be. Individuals can be categorized by race, class, sexual orientationRead MorePhenomenology Is The Study Of Phenomena Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the way we consciously perceive our surroundings (Heidegger, as cited by Aspers 2009). Sociological methodology implies that the notion of sociology is indeed a science. Empirical phenomenology and ethnomethodology aim to describe, â€Å"how people perceive and think about things, although this is central to the phenomenological approach† (Aspers 2009, p. 6). Social scientific analysis seeks understanding and explanations (Aspers 2009). According to Aspers (2009, p.4), â€Å"if we are to understand theRead MoreThe Influence Of Symbolic Interactionism And The Social Context On How Others Might See Us1578 Words   |  7 Pagessee us.† This is a pinnacle viewpoint of the sociological theory Symbolical Interactionism which is â€Å"a study of human group life and conduct which holds meaning central to human behaviour† (Blumer, 1992; Ray, L 2017: npg). This essay will critically evaluate this statement and its sociological significance. In order to critically evaluate this, the essay will break down the quote into two parts. This first half of this e ssay will explore one of the main ideas presented in Goffman’s above statement:Read MoreWeek 1 Sociology Notes1548 Words   |  7 PagesWeek One Assignment Chapter One The Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective provides a specific view of the world. Briefly describe this perspective and the assumptions this perspective is based on. The sociological perspective puts emphasis on the social context in which people live in and how these contexts influence their lives. At the center of this perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influence by their society. SociologistsRead MoreSociology Of Education As A Social Institution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthe policies, practices, and outcomes of schooling (www.thoughtco.com). Sociology of education is the systematic study of educational system within the broader social context. At the heart of sociology is a special point of view called the sociological perspective of education. While education is typically viewed in most societies as a pathway to personal development, success, and socialRead Moreï » ¿Sociological Approach to Literature1397 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Approach to Literature The study of literature within the discipline of sociology, integrates a concern for meaning and the unique properties inherent in literary texts, reflecting the economics, attitudes, morals and religion of the society that produced the texts.1Each society inter-connected and independent, yet distinct and diverse is influenced by the literature, for there are innumerable instances exemplifying the co-relation of life and literature. The impact of literature isRead MoreHow Valuable Is Sociological Knowledge in Contributing to Our Understanding of Contemporary Health Issues?2391 Words   |  10 PagesHow valuable is sociological knowledge in contributing to our understanding of contemporary health issues? Sociological knowledge assists understanding of how social issues impact on health and illness experiences in society (Barry Yuill 2008, pp.5-10). In this context, sociological issues will refer to case study number one, about Ernie. By focussing on sociological imagination, this essay will illustrate how private troubles can be viewed as public issues. This will be followed by a discussionRead MorePsychology of the Unconscious1750 Words   |  7 Pagesactivity or ‘fantasy’ mediates this process and through this, the external reality takes on the contours of the inner world (Chodorow 1999, cited in Redman and Whitehouse-Hart, 2008, pp. 62- 63). From a sociological perspective, projection and introjection are both important and are the main methods of transference. Projection is the process by which the unconscious is made present in the social and introjection is the process by which the social gets inside and actively shapes the inner worldRead MoreThe Myth of the American Dream Exposed in Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 Pagesis an example piece of work furthering the social protest involving totalitarianism and the American Dream. Throughout the piece, Miller uses his voice of conscience and passion for the purpose of exposing the truth about the concepts. Using the perspective of Willy, a fictional, working class citizen, Miller picks apart the myth of the American Dream, exploring topics such as abandonment, betrayal, family dynamics, and using interesting symbolism along the way. With reckless abandon, WillyRead MoreChildhood Under The Industrial Capitalism System Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesGender Studies, and Division of labor. The Sociology of Family is intend to examine family as a unit of socialization, in which it regards to different sociological perspectives, like the nuclear family, gender role, and concepts about childhood under the Industrial Capitalism system. To better analyze the result in relating to this sociological study, it is easier to explain the data under the following sub-titles: Changing roles of family members This section focuses on the traditional sex roles

Golf Essay Example For Students

Golf Essay Golf is about 10% physical and about 90% mental. A golfer has an inventory ofvarious moods while on the course, awareness of these moods and being able tocontrol them is what can make or break a golf game. A very crucial point in golfis determining your club distances. Many golfers really dont know how fareach club can be hit. In addition to knowing how far you must hit a club, agolfer must also be educated on how to play under different weather conditions. One area that can really make emotions take off is putting. Putting is a part ofthe game that takes the most concentration because there really is no singlecorrect way to putt. Determining your club distances can be a bit tricky attimes because many variables can come into play such as wind, altitude,temperature and excitement level. Winds depending on their speed can make theball go long, short, to the left or to the right. Also the higher the altitudethe further you will hit the ball. For example, a golfer teeing off on a par 3(179yards) with a 10 mile per hour wind behind him may have to use a 7 ironinstead of a 5 or a 6. This is because the wind could push or carry the ball anadditional 10 to 15 yards farther. Weather conditions can come into play aswell. The sun in particular can make the course conditions very dry and hard. When the landscape of a golf course is dry and hard the ball will have atendency to bounce and role a significant distance farther than normal. Incontrary, when the conditions are wet, like after it rains, the ball will stickor not go very far from were it landed. For example, a golfer may have playedtwo rounds of golf on two different days, the first may have been a beautifulsunny day with dry conditions and the other may have been a day after a night ofrain, in turn made the conditions of the golf course change dramatically. Thisdramatic change has altered the way this golfer must play. The first day wasworry free because conditions were ideal, but playing the second day the golfershad to anticipate where their ball was going to land and maybe use a longer clubbecause the air is saturated and more dense than usual. Another aspect of thegame is knowing how far each club in bag can be hit. At average a 3 iron shouldbe hit around 190 yards, 4 iron around 180 yards, 5 iron around 170, 6 ironaround 160, 7 iron around 150, 8 iron around 140, 9 iron between 115 and 130, PW(pitching wedge) 110 and a SW (sand wedge) up to a 100 yards. The putter is in aclass of its own, it cant be hit as far as any of the other clubs but it isthe most important club in the bag. There is no style when it comes to putting;its getting it in the hole that counts. There are so many different kinds ofputters available and so many different stories about how a proper puttingstroke should be executed. The fact of the matter is about 80% of tournamentplayers use a grip were the upper hand is on the grip with the index fingerclear of the grip and with the lower hand on the grip allowing all the fingersto hold the grip. Ball positioning is very important the ball should be in themiddle of the stance, the putter face should be square to the ball and theputter face should be at a ball to target line with your eyes directly over theball. Knowledge on how to play under different weather conditions, knowing howfar each club in your bag can be hit and the know how on putting are all verycrucial in the game of golf. If a golfer is cultured in all three, he/she willbe on the right track to becoming a better golfer. Even if the ball doesnt gostraight!Sports and Games

Essay On Colonies Essays - Thirteen Colonies, New England Colonies

Essay On Colonies Essay on Colonies The New England and Southern Colonies were both settled largely by the English. By 1700, the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the antithesis of the New England colonies attributes. New England was colonized for Freedom of Worship and freedom of political thought. The Southern colonies were developed for freedom of economic opportunity. The New England colonies had aspirations for a distinct society, where they could show their homeland, how a country should be run. The southern colonies had goals for mercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. The New England colonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to live and worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies(Virginia) had a government based on a royal government, where the state was governed by a governor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen by the people. Finally, the New England colonies wanted to establish the colony for religious motives, while the southern colonies were established for economic motives. England and the rebels of England (Pilgrims), made up the New England and southern colonies. God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other mean and in subjection. Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man.(John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity) This statement by John Winthrop, demonstrates importance of religion in the lives of the New England settlers. We must delight in each other, make others' conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body. (John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity). The use of the word together and community indicates that the New England settlers were of a communal nature, they were less individualistic than the southern colonies. The New England colonies were based on religious freedom, thus their society was reflected the religion. These underwritten names are to be transported to Virginia, embarked in the Merchant's Hope, Hugh Weston, Master, per examination by the minister of Gravesend touching upon their conformity to the Church discipline of England, and have taken oaths of allegiance and supremacy: (Ship's List of Emigrants Bound for Virginia). The use of the word Master, shows, that the southern colonies were more of a individualistic state rather than a communal state(New England). This individualism was the effect of the motivation of the southern colonies for economic opportunity. We whose names are underwritten, being by God's providnce engaged together to make a plantation.... (Articles of Agreement). The New England settlers, again were of a communal nature, in how they are binding together for the good of the community. We intend by God's grace, as soon as we can with all convenient speed, to procure some Godly and faithful minster with whom we purpose to join in church covenant to walk in the ways of Christ.(Articles of Agreement). The statement above, shows how the minister, was the head of the theocracy, of the small communities. Furthermore, the Articles of Agreement, demonstates the importance of sharing within the community. This article, was another product of the motivation of the New England settlers for religious freedom. This court... in the interim recommends [that] all tradesmen and laborers consider the religious end of their callings.... The puritans believed everyone had a specific duty in life, something that one was proficient at. Almost all the mores and society itself radiated from religion, as a result, many people who couldn't endure the rigidity of such a society were exiled and the dissenters created new societies. The worst[among us were the gold seekers who]with their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. There was no talk... but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.. (Captain John Smith, History of Virginia). The southern colonists were a people who settled in the southern colonies for econmic motives. The people were more materialistic, and individualistic, thus greed prevailed. Conversely, the New England settlers were of a spiritual nature, and were dispassionate in materialistic matters. The drive of the southern colonists were toward economic prosperity. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as many servants(besides Negroes) as there are friedman to defend the shores and all our frontiers [against] the Indians....[This] gives men fearful apprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, while they are drawn

The early 1800s essays

The early 1800's essays By the early 1800s, the dawn of a new era had begun. Family and home life was changing as well as the communities around them. There was a fast growing need to produce products like clothing, quickly and efficiently. This new era brought about the mechanical industry that created factories, which could meet this need. But who would work in these factories if the men were moving west? By the 1840s the necessity to find workers for these factories had produced major social changes-changes which carry on until today. Before this time, most all clothing was spun and woven in the home by women. But by the 1840s, most was produced in factories set up in what were referred to as mill towns. Lowell Massachusetts was one such town. This change created a whole new idea of what womens duties were, domestic or money earning laborers? Women had previously only been seen as domestic and having one goal, that of being a housewife. Their move into town to provide a workforce for the clothing factories sparked controversy in many eyes. Some people branded them mill girls who were doomed and unmarriable. Others thought of them as adventurers, with the fancy of bringing new fashions, books and ideas home with them. But the statistics show the average working life at a Lowell factory was only three years. Many of the women who returned home were sick and never married, because they were characterized by she has worked in a factory. In the factories, women were looked down uponseen only as people who flowed in to the factory day in and day out earning their keep, spinning and weaving for the rest of their lives. They were not worthy of earning an education, and were considered socially and intellectually inept. As time went by, the bigotry began to wear away. The factories flourished with women who had wisdom and potential. One man who visited one of the mills was noted to have bowe...

Confucius- Human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Confucius- Human nature - Essay Example According to Confucius, it was solely the responsibility of people to change the world they live. Human nature was an essential component in the achievement of better lives. According to Confucius, human nature is the foundation of human action. This means that the way a person behaves is entirely based on their human nature. All human beings are similar in nature, but it is their personal practices that set them apart. Therefore, human nature is subject to change depending on one’s environment. Confucius is of the opinion that men are good by nature, but outward influences lead to the decay of the good nature of man. Therefore, people need to be enlightened through education to prevent them from being corrupted by negative external influences. Therefore, in order to preserve the good nature of people, education would have to be conducted using persuasion and practice. According to Rainey rightness and knowledge is a great virtue of human nature taught by Confucius (31). Confu cius believes that in order for a person to do what is right, they ought to possess the knowledge of distinguishing right from wrong. This knowledge may be inborn or it may be learned through hard work. Confucius himself claims that he was not born knowledgeable; rather, he took interest in a lot of things involving antiques and studied them carefully. This constant studying is what made Confucius knowledgeable. Another principle of human behavior according to Confucius is courage. Courage for Confucius does not only end at being brave and engaging in risky activities. Rainey (32) states that Confucius looks at courage as the ability to do what is right, regardless of the consequences. Courage in itself without moral uprightness, according to Confucius is neither good to a man nor to his fellow men. Confucius believes that a person who is courageous but lacks moral behavior continues in their wickedness. An example is a ruler who, although courageous does not know what is right, thu s brings political problems to the people. Similarly, Confucius states that a low-class man is bound to become a criminal if they have courage but have no idea about what is right. These two examples justify Confucius’ claims about human nature and the opinion that courage is an ingredient for moral behavior. Another of Confucius’ principles is that all men desire to be rich and to be honored and they hate being poor. However, if such wealth is not attained using lawful methods, it should not be kept. Confucius also argues that if one is forced by circumstances to be low in status and poor, they should try to avoid their status. It is as human to be poor as it is to be rich. To Confucius, not have an important position in the society is less important. What matters is whether one gets that position lawfully or not. Therefore, any person who tries to run away from poverty is in essence running away from human nature. In ancient china, monarchy was the accepted form of r ule that few dared to challenge. To this end, philosophers were very concerned about the kind of ruler who was ideal to rule china and went on to describe the desirable characteristics of a monarch. Confucius believed that a ruler should be sincere, just, morally upright, and have good social relationships. These aspects of an individual are what

Week2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week2 - Term Paper Example When brand attachment occurs, the consumer will often participate in brand communities, such as discussing the merits and benefits of the company and its products in social media. This is free word-of-mouth advertising that is highly valuable to a business brand. When a business includes social responsibility and ethical behavior as part of its strategic plan, trust in the company’s integrity is developed. According to Riegelsberger et al. (2005, p.383), trust is built on â€Å"reliability and predictability† of an organization. As one example, a company that contributes a small margin of their profit toward urban development can use press releases and promotional advertisements to illustrate their sponsorship or investment support in building a better local infrastructure. When consumers witness that the business believes in improving the human condition and lifestyle, trust in their brand, product and leadership is developed especially when these activities happen recurrently. Thus, having an ethical focus and a belief in social responsibility can assist in developing promotional strategies, charity as competitive advantage, and better consumer relationship development. One example of a company that overstepped ethical boundaries is Pulte Homes, a major national home and commercial builder with a significant profit margin. In 2006, the former president of Pulte Homes, Steve Seymoure, determined it would be a positive strategic decision to develop a variety of first-class, luxury vacation getaways in Mexico. Pulte Homes conducted considerable ethical and responsible preliminary research and legal negotiations to ensure that a disputed area of land cleared all ownership and construction laws for development of high-class condominiums for American tourists. However, well into the construction phase, a variety of expired commercial leases on the existing property where Pulte was building were

The Original Wason Card Selection Problem Essay Example for Free

The Original Wason Card Selection Problem Essay For many years, the Wason card selection problem has proved useful for psychologists and other experts in the study of human reasoning and logical ability (Kahneman Tversky 1982; Almor Sloman 1996; Yama 2001; Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000). One of the most popularly used tools in the assessment of the cognitive architecture of humans, the Wason card selection task tests the participants’ logical intuitions based on conditional implications (Almor Sloman 1996). The task likewise proves whether the human mind â€Å"implements rules of logical inference† (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby, 2000) by the subjects’ demonstrated ability â€Å"to endorse a statement of a general rule† or an argument to counter the rule. (Kahneman Tversky 1982) In the original version of the Wason card selection, the participants of the experiment were shown four cards showing A, T, 4, and 7 by the experimenter. They are then asked to choose which card/s they would turn-over to test the rule â€Å"if a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other† (Wason 1966) or the probability of the relationship â€Å"if p then q† within the four cards. The Wason selection task is structured so that the four cards are limited to display the instances of a true antecedent (TA) or a false antecedent (FA) on the side shown to the subjects, and a true consequent (TC) or a false consequent (FC) on the other. (Yama 2000) Alternatively, the first side shows instances of ‘p’ and ‘not p’ and ‘q’ and ‘not q’ on the side not shown to the subjects. (Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) What has interested many psychologists and experts is the fact that the typical success rate for solving Wason’s problem in experiments conducted is only around twenty percent (20%). (Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) The most common mistake committed by the participants in the card selection process is choosing the cards with A and 4 or A only instead of the correct response that should have been the cards with A or the p-card and 7 or the not-q card because â€Å"an observation of an odd number on the first card (A) or a vowel on the second card (7) would refute the rule.† (Kahneman Tversky 1982). Researchers suggest that this failure from the part of the subjects to provide the correct answers despite the latent simplicity of the problem may be due to the fact that the problem is not represented in its simple logical form (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000), confusing many subjects. On the other hand, a growing number of scholars point out to the role of confirmation bias—or the way that human beings systematically seek for instances that would confirm a theory rather than for instances to refute a theory—as a major hindrance to the effective use of logic and reasoning skills of humans (Klayman Ha 1987; Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) which may also explain why majority of the participants fail in the Wason card selection. Other variations to the task have since been developed. For instance, the task is now being used to test not only the human ability for abstract reasoning but also in deontic reasoning. A variation of the Wason card experiment, one that involves only the number sequence 2-4-6 has also been used to study the process of hypotheses-formation among human beings (Cherubini, Castelvecchio, Cherubini 2005). However, the debate on the way that humans approach problems—whether they indeed express problems in logical form—has yet to be settled. (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000) This study therefore aims to replicate Wason’s original experiment of the four-card selection problem to test whether the same results would be achieved as in the original experiment and to examine whether confirmation bias remained a major problem in answering the tasks for many of the participants. Works Cited: Kahneman, D. A. Tversky. (1982). On the study of statistical intuitions. Cognition, 11: 123-141 Dawson, E., Gilovich, T., D.T. Regan (2002). Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason selection task. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28:1379. Almor, A. S.A. Sloman (1996). Is deontic reasoning special? Psychological Review, 103: 374-380. Yama, H. (2001). Matching versus optimal data selection in the Wason selection task. Thinking and Reasoning, 7(3): 295-311. Fiddick, L., Cosmides, L., J. Tooby. (2000). No interpretation without representation: The role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task. Cognition, 77: 1-79. Wason, P.C. (1966). Reasoning. In B.M. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Klayman, J. Y. Ha (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2): 211-228. Cherubini, P., Castelvecchio, E., A. M. Cherubini. (2005). Generation of hypotheses in Wason’s 2-4-6 task: An information theory approach. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A(2): 309-332

The Trebuchet Essay examples -- medieval siege machine

Used by castle commanders during times of peace to hurl roses to ladies during tournaments, trebuchets proved a deadly weapon in the field of ancient warfare. Flinging a wide variety of objects hundreds of yards, the trebuchet became the weapon of choice for laying siege to a castle. Its incredible range could often place it beyond the effectual defense range of the castle archers, thereby permitting the besiegers to destroy the defender's walls with little interference. During extended sieges, trebuchets were often used to hurl large quantities of dung, dead animals, and other such items to encourage disease throughout the besieged city. Trebuchets earned a reputation for being much more accurate and precise than their onager and catapult counterparts. Not only was this accuracy a benefit, but being based on rotational motion and leverage rather than torsion (spring power) and lacking in a throwing arm stop, the trebuchet proved a much safer alternative for the personnel operating it. Onagers and Mangonels would literally explode on occasion when the torsion proved too great or a crack developed in the throwing arm due to the rapid stops it experienced. All in all, the Trebuchet was a fearsome weapon of mass destruction during the Middle Ages, a force to be reckoned with. Trebuchets only lost favor when cannons emerged, and the primary benefit of the cannon that the trebuchet lacked was not in fact power, but rather mobility. Smaller, more maneuverable cannons rapidly overran the position of the trebuchet in most armies across the world. Warwolf, the legendary trebuchet built by the English Army to destroy Castle Urquhart, which was located in the Highlands of Scotland, on the shores of the also infamous Loch Ness. Par... ...elease and a more horizontal trajectory, with higher velocity. In an attempt to better understand the components of the trebuchet and to permit the viewer a better idea of the manner in which the firing of a trebuchet occurs, a trebuchet constructed entirely of K-nex was built this past week. The counterweight consisted of 5000 steel bb's wrapped in plastic and duct tape, while the sling itself was made of duct tape and twine. The remaineder of the trebuchet, including the throwing arm, were constructed purely from K-nex. Standing some 3 feet tall, this trebuchet could repeatedly launch a 2-3oz object in excess of 20 feet. Lengthening the sling proved valuable, increasing velocity and range considerably. However, a point was reached at which the sling length could be said to be optimized, and lengthening it further only created unpredictable release angles.

Transport and Writing Task

TASK 1 DESCRIBING INFORMATION FROM TABLES Tables compare data and may also show changes over time as well. They are often used when there is quite a lot of information, so it is important to select the key features to describe. I. Understanding the data Read the writing task below and look at the table. Answer these questions to help you understand the information given. 1. What two main areas does the table show figures for? 2. How is each main area subdivided? 3.What main difference do the figures show within each area? 4. How many years does the table deal with? 5. What are the main trends over time? 6. What kind of language can you use when describing the data? Writing Task 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task The table below gives figures for student applications and acceptances for UK university courses in the field of tourism, transport and travel. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. Write at least 150 words.Student statistics for university courses in tourism, transport and travel, 2000-2002 |Applications |Acceptances | |Year |Men |Women |Men |Women |% of Total | |2000 |3,400 |900 |550 |150 |15. % | |2001 |3. 200 |800 |600 |200 |20% | |2002 |2,750 |750 |580 |170 |21,4% | II. Organizing the description You should try to group the information rather than describing every piece of data.Complete this paragraph outline for the Writing task in Exercise 1. | | |Paragraph 1: Introduce information | |Paragraph 2: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |Paragraph 3: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |Paragraph 4: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | III. Rewording the introduction Underline the most appropriate word(s) to complete this introduction to a sample answer. | |The table concerns university courses (1) in the field of/related to tourism, transport and travel in the UK. It shows (2)| |d ecreases/changes/increases in the (3) numbers/proportion/percentage of (4) applicants/male and female students applying | |for and being accepted on such courses (5) between/from 2000 and 2002. | IV. Describing the data a. Use the information in the table in Exercise 1 to complete these sentences with a word or number. 1.In all three years, more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. applied for such courses than †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , although their numbers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. considerably, from 3,400 in 2000 to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. in 2002. 2. Female †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. reached a little more than a quarter of the figures for †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. in 2000 and 2001, and they †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to 750 in 2002. 3. Total applications †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. during the period. 4. Many more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pplied for these courses than were accepted throughout the three years. 5. However, the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. of applications which were accepted †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. from about 15% in 2000 to over †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. in 2002, even though the total number †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. only slightly. 6. Many more †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. were accepted than †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. in all three years. 7. While total applications †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. , the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. of those accepted †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. onsiderably. b. Now look back at your paragraph outline in Exercise 2 and group the sentences into paragraph 2, 3, 4. c. Decide which of the sequences in the box below you could use to start each paragraph. | | |Overall, With regard to applications, | |The table shows In terms of acceptances, | V. Reference LinksTo link ideas in a text and avoid unnecessary repetition, writers use a variety of reference links. Find the words in italics in sentences 1-7 in Exercise 4 and write down what each refer to. 1. such courses: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6: the three years: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. their numbers: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. which: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. they: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8. all three years: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. the period: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9. those: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. these courses: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..VI. Speed writing practice Now do the writing task below. Remember to include editing time in the 20 minutes given. Remember: †¢ Don’t copy your introduction from the Writing task. †¢ Briefly describe the main features or trends and use figures to support these. Don’t describe every change. †¢ End with a summary of the data. †¢ Write at least 150 words. Writing Task 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table below gives information about the use of different modes of transport in Shanghai in 1996, and one possible projection (high motorization scenario) for their use in 2020.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. Write at least 150 words. Percentage of passenger kilometres by different modes of transport in Shanghai. |Mode of Transport |1996 |2020 (projection) | |Walking |7% |3% | |Bicycle |27% |3% |Scooter |12% |7% | |Bus |39% |22% | |Train |- |13% | |Car |15% |52% |

Plesiosaurs and Pliosaurs - The Sea Serpents

Of all the reptiles that crawled, stomped, swam and flew their way through the Mesozoic era, plesiosaurs and pliosaurs have a unique distinction: practically no one insists that tyrannosaurs still roam the earth, but a vocal minority believes that some species of these sea serpents have survived down to the present day. However, this lunatic fringe doesnt include many respected biologists or paleontologists, as well see below. Plesiosaurs (Greek for almost lizards) were large, long-necked, four-flippered marine reptiles that paddled their way through the oceans, lakes, rivers, and swamps of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Confusingly, the name plesiosaur also encompasses the pliosaurs (Pliocene lizards, even though they lived tens of millions of years before), which possessed more hydrodynamic bodies, with bigger heads and shorter necks. Even the biggest plesiosaurs (such as the 40-foot-long Elasmosaurus) were relatively gentle fish-feeders, but the largest pliosaurs (such as Liopleurodon) were every bit as dangerous as a Great White Shark. Plesiosaur and Pliosaur Evolution Despite their aquatic lifestyles, its important to realize that plesiosaurs and pliosaurs were reptiles, and not fish--meaning they had to surface frequently to breathe air. What this implies, of course, is that these marine reptiles evolved from a terrestrial ancestor of the early Triassic period, almost certainly an archosaur. (Paleontologists disagree about the exact lineage, and its possible that the plesiosaur body plan evolved convergently more than once.) Some experts think the earliest marine ancestors of the plesiosaurs were the nothosaurs, typified by the early Triassic Nothosaurus. As is often the case in nature, the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods tended to be bigger than their early Jurassic cousins. One of the earliest known plesiosaurs, Thalassiodracon, was only about six feet long; compare that to the 55-foot length of Mauisaurus, a plesiosaur of the late Cretaceous. Similarly, the early Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus was only about 20 feet long, while the late Jurassic Liopleurodon attained lengths of 40 feet (and weighed in the neighborhood of 25 tons). However, not all pliosaurs were equally big: for example, the late Cretaceous Dolichorhynchops was a 17-foot-long runt (and may have subsisted on soft-bellied squids rather than more robust prehistoric fish). Plesiosaur and Pliosaurs Behavior Just as plesiosaurs and pliosaurs (with some notable exceptions) differed in their basic body plans, they also differed in their behavior. For a long time, paleontologists were puzzled by the extremely long necks of some plesiosaurs, speculating that these reptiles held their heads high above the water (like swans) and dived them down to spear fish. It turns out, though, that the heads and necks of plesiosaurs werent strong or flexible enough to be used this way, though they certainly would have combined to make an impressive underwater fishing apparatus. Despite their sleek bodies, plesiosaurs were far from the fastest marine reptiles of the Mesozoic Era (in a head-to-head match, most plesiosaurs would likely have been outflippered by most ichthyosaurs, the slightly earlier fish lizards that evolved hydrodynamic, tuna-like shapes). One of the developments that doomed the plesiosaurs of the late Cretaceous period was the evolution of faster, better-adapted fish, not to mention the evolution of more agile marine reptiles like mosasaurs. As a general rule, the pliosaurs of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were bigger, stronger, and just plain meaner than their long-necked plesiosaur cousins. Genera like Kronosaurus and Cryptoclidus attained sizes comparable to modern grey whales, except that these predators were equipped with numerous, sharp teeth rather than plankton-scooping baleen. Whereas most plesiosaurs subsisted on fish, pliosaurs (like their underwater neighbors, the prehistoric sharks) probably fed on anything and everything that ventured their way, ranging from fish to squids to other marine reptiles. Plesiosaur and Pliosaur Fossils One of the odd things about plesiosaurs and pliosaurs pertains to the fact that, 100 million years ago, the distribution of the earths oceans was much different than it is today. Thats why new marine reptile fossils are constantly being discovered in such unlikely places as the American west and midwest, major portions of which were once covered by the broad, shallow Western Interior Sea. Plesiosaur and pliosaur fossils are also unusual in that, unlike those of terrestrial dinosaurs, theyre often found in one, completely articulated piece (which may have something to do with the protective qualities of the silt at the ocean bottom). These remains baffled naturalists as long ago as the 18th century; one fossil of a long-necked plesiosaur prompted a (still unidentified) paleontologist to quip that it looked like a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle. A plesiosaur fossil also figured in one of the most famous dust-ups in the history of paleontology. In 1868, the famous bone-hunter Edward Drinker Cope reassembled an Elasmosaurus skeleton with the head placed on the wrong end (to be fair, up to that point, paleontologists had never encountered such a long-necked marine reptile). This error was seized on by Copes arch-rival Othniel C. Marsh, kicking off a long period of rivalry and sniping known as the Bone Wars. Are Plesiosaurs and Pliosaurs Still Among Us? Even before a living coelacanth--a genus of prehistoric fish that was believed to have died off tens of millions of years ago--was found in 1938 off the coast of Africa, people known as cryptozoologists have speculated about whether all the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs really went extinct 65 million years ago along with their dinosaur cousins. Whereas any surviving terrestrial dinosaurs would likely have been discovered by now, the reasoning goes, the oceans are vast, dark and deep--so somewhere, somehow, a colony of Plesiosaurus might have survived. The poster lizard for living plesiosaurs, of course, is the mythical Loch Ness Monster--pictures of which bear a marked resemblance to Elasmosaurus. However, there are two problems with the theory that the Loch Ness monster is really a plesiosaur: first, as mentioned above, plesiosaurs breathe air, so the Loch Ness monster would have to emerge from the depths of its lake every ten minutes or so, which might draw some attention. And second, as also mentioned above, the necks of plesiosaurs simply werent strong enough to allow them to strike a majestic, Loch Ness-like pose. Of course, as the saying goes, the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Vast regions of the worlds oceans remain to be explored, and it doesnt defy belief (though its still a very, very long shot) that a living plesiosaur may one day be scooped up in a fishing net. Just dont expect it to be found in Scotland, in the vicinity of a famous lake!